Knowledge & Atheism

Gene P53

What is Gene P53, what does it do and why is it important?

First, we need to start with basic genetics, to understand this you must be familiar with genetics. So what is genetics? The dictionary definition of Genetics Is "The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics." So basically Genetics is the study of heredity genes, such as DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and Chromosomes, it covers much more than that, but that was just a base line to the understanding of what it covers. As we know, in a human there are many genetic structures, such as your double helix DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) strand. DNA is responsible for genetic structure information and storage, so it can replicate/ create new being's e.g. you! Now that's a quick bit of information about genetics if you were unaware of what genetics is.

Now, this is the part were I actually start explaining what Gene P53 is.

Gene P53 is a multicellular organism; it's often referred to as "TP53, Tumor Protein 53 “and” The Tumor suppressing protein". Why is it referred to as this? Well, the Gene P53 is a Gene that protects your lungs and really all of your body from genetic manipulation; e.g. Cancer, Tumors and genome mutation, this Gene is located on the short arm of Chromosome 17.

What is Chromosome 17?

Chromosome 17 is one of your 46 Chromosomes, you gain 46 Chromosomes, 23 from each parent, occasionally a child develops one extra which results in the child becoming mentally impaired (Down syndrome). Chromosome 17 spans about 18 million DNA building blocks and represents 2.5- 3 % of the total DNA in cells.

Why is it named Gene P53?

It gained the name P53 due to its molecular mass, it has a 53 kilodalton (kDa) protein on (SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,) < Very complicated stuff, I won't go too far on that. But P53's mass turns out to be actually 43.7 kDa. The reason is the high amount of praline residues throughout the protein. Which slows the transfer of SDS-PAGE? Which is why it's appears heavier than its real weight.

The structure of Gene P53:

The p53 protein is a phosphoprotein made of 393 amino acids. It consists of four units (or domains):

1.)A domain that activates transcription factors.

2.)A domain that recognizes specific DNA sequences (core domain).

3.) A domain that is responsible for the tetramerization of the protein.

4.) A domain that recognized damaged DNA, such as misaligned base pairs or single-stranded DNA.

How is this gene altered/damaged?

The most common way the Gene P53 or TP53 is damages is through the inhalation of tobacco fumes. Tobacco Smoke contains carcinogens; carcinogens contain radiation that damages tissues, and the Gene P53. Carcinogens are now known to be emitted from Paraffin candles.

So why does it matter if this Gene becomes damaged?

Well, this gene is responsible for preventing genetic mutations, Cancer's and Tumors, once this Gene has been alerted or damaged, it's useless, and leaves your body defenseless against; Cancer and Tumors. So it's very important to keep this Gene healthy.

To conclude

Overall, this Gene is extremely impressive and complex, it's there to keep you safe from genetic manipulation, so if you wish to remain cancer free, then avoid inhaling Carcinogens (tobacco or smoke from paraffin candles.) Also if you do use paraffin candles or are unsure what type of candles they are, find out, and remove them if they are, especially if you have children!

I hope you enjoyed this and expanded your knowledge in something you had no knowledge in previously. If you wish for me to write similar article like this in the future just let me by commenting below.

Sorry for being so late with the article, I haven’t had much time recently, and this gene requires mass amounts of research.

~Kordell

Many religions have their creation stories, about how a divine being created the universe. Science, too, has its own creation story.That story is about how the matter which now exists in the Universe came to be. The difference between these two stories, is that the one proposed by science can be tested and recreated. We know much about how matter formed way after the big bang, but physicists are now stuck. What we need to do, is recreate the conditions that reigned only fractions of a second after the big bang.

Fast forwatd to September 10, 2008. CERN starts the first experiments with the Large Hadron Collider, and fires the first successful protons around the 27-kilometer tunnel which contains the worlds' larges particle accelerator. The purpose of the LHC is to recreate the conditions during the very first moments after the big bang, along with helping physicists testing predictions of different theories, as well as (in particular) prove or disprove the existence of the Higgs boson. This machine is going to revolutionize how we see high-energy physics, particle physics and human understanding of the physical laws of nature.

Situated underground, up to 180 meters underneath the French/Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland, the LHC was built by more than ten thousand scientists and engineers from over a hundred countries. Many universities and other laboratories are also represented. It is, as mention above, the largest, and also the highest-energy particle accelerator in the world. The "ring" formed by the tunnel in which the collider is placed is 27 kilometers in length. The particles that are accelerated through this tunnel, will do eleven thousand (!) rounds around this circle every second. This means that the speed these particles have is equal to about 99.9999999% of the speed of light. There's an impressive feat of speed if there ever was one. I won't be going into the numbers of tera-electronvolts and so on, as it would more than likely make most of the article an incredibly boring read to those uninitiated.

The "stars of the show" here, are, of course, the different detectors that are scattered around this mega-facility. There are seven of them. I will mention a little bit about each one, and go a bit more in depth on a couple of them a bit further down the page. The detectors are named as follows:

ATLAS, which is one of two "general purpose detectors. It is used to look for such things as the origins of mass, (the Higgs boson), signs of new physics, and extra dimensions.

CMS, which has most of the same tasks as ATLAS, but with the addition of look for clues about the nature of dark matter.

ALICE, which studies a fluid form of matter called "quark-gluon plasma", which existed shortly after the Big Bang.

LHCb, which studies the nature of antimatter, and what happened to the missing antimatter that is theorized to have been created at the Big Bang.

TOTEM, which will aim at measurements of total cross section, elastic scattering, and diffractive processes.

LHCf, is supposed to measure the energy of neutral pions that are produced in the collider. This will help explain the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

MoEDAL, whose prime goal is to search for the Magnetic Monopole or Dyon, and other highly ionizing Stable Massive Particles. (SMP's)

Now, considering that all the experiments in a year produces about 25 petabytes of data per year, you're going to need a massive analytical tool. Now, to put that in perspective, a petabyte is 1024 terabytes. To handle all this raw data, CERN created the LHC Computing Grid, consisting of a world-spanning, grid based networking infrastructure, connecting about 170 computing centers in 36 countries.

The ATLAS detector that was mentioned above was part of the quest to find the Higgs boson, a particle first theorised in 1964 by several scientists, but perhaps, most notably Peter Higgs, who is the particle's namesake. This particle was tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March, 2013. This is a monumental discovery, since it appears to confirm the existance of the Higgs field, which is pivotal in the Standard model and many other theories in particle physics, where it explains why some fundamental particles have mass, when the symmetries controlling their interactions should cause them to be massless, and linked to this, why the weak force has a much shorter range than the electromagnetic force. Its existence and knowledge of its exact properties are expected to impact scientific knowledge across a range of fields, and should eventually allow physicists to determine whether the final unproven piece of the Standard Model or a competing theory is more likely to be correct, guide other theories and discoveries in particle physics, and as with other fundamental discoveries of the past —potentially over time lead to developments in new physics, and new technologies.

The quest to understand the origins of the universe was undertaken by the first humans who looked up and asked: "why are we here"? There is nothing more fascinating to us than this question, naïve though it may be. As Stephen Hawking said; "We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the universe. That makes us something very special." The universe in itself may not have a special purpose for our race of advanced monkeys, but it has ever been our desire to understand the world around us that has gotten us as far as we have to this day. Because of this, we have achieved leaps in all kinds of sciences, be it medicine, astronomy, physics and so on. We may have made a few mistakes along the way, and we may yet make new ones.

The work of every scientist at CERN and at the LHC may prove vital to our understanding of the universe that gave us life, and how that very universe came into being. What lies beyond that, no one can say for sure. But I like to hope, that because of the scientists who work in this field, we may come to know, in not too long.

“We are the cosmos made conscious and life is the means by which the universe understands itself.”

-Brian Cox.

Hope you enjoyed this lengthy read!

~ Lars

NASA's NuSTAR Helps Solve Riddle of Black Hole Spin

PASADENA, Calif. -- Two X-ray space observatories, NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton, have teamed up to measure definitively, for the first time, the spin rate of a black hole with a mass 2 million times that of our sun.

The supermassive black hole lies at the dust- and gas-filled heart of a galaxy called NGC 1365, and it is spinning almost as fast as Einstein's theory of gravity will allow. The findings, which appear in a new study in the journal Nature, resolve a long-standing debate about similar measurements in other black holes and will lead to a better understanding of how black holes and galaxies evolve.

"This is hugely important to the field of black hole science," said Lou Kaluzienski, a NuSTAR program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

The observations also are a powerful test of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which says gravity can bend space-time, the fabric that shapes our universe, and the light that travels through it.

"We can trace matter as it swirls into a black hole using X-rays emitted from regions very close to the black hole," said the coauthor of a new study, NuSTAR principal investigator Fiona Harrison of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "The radiation we see is warped and distorted by the motions of particles and the black hole's incredibly strong gravity."

NuSTAR, an Explorer-class mission launched in June 2012, is designed to detect the highest-energy X-ray light in great detail. It complements telescopes that observe lower-energy X-ray light, such as XMM-Newton and NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. Scientists use these and other telescopes to estimate the rates at which black holes spin.

Until now, these measurements were not certain because clouds of gas could have been obscuring the black holes and confusing the results. With help from XMM-Newton, NuSTAR was able to see a broader range of X-ray energies and penetrate deeper into the region around the black hole. The new data demonstrate that X-rays are not being warped by the clouds, but by the tremendous gravity of the black hole. This proves that spin rates of supermassive black holes can be determined conclusively.

"If I could have added one instrument to XMM-Newton, it would have been a telescope like NuSTAR," said Norbert Schartel, XMM-Newton Project Scientist at the European Space Astronomy Center in Madrid. "The high-energy X-rays provided an essential missing puzzle piece for solving this problem."

Measuring the spin of a supermassive black hole is fundamental to understanding its past history and that of its host galaxy.

"These monsters, with masses from

millions to billions of times that of the sun, are formed as small seeds in the early universe and grow by swallowing stars and gas in their host galaxies, merging with other giant black holes when galaxies collide, or both," said the study's lead author, Guido Risaliti of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics.

Supermassive black holes are surrounded by pancake-like accretion disks, formed as their gravity pulls matter inward. Einstein's theory predicts the faster a black hole spins, the closer the accretion disk lies to the black hole. The closer the accretion disk is, the more gravity from the black hole will warp X-ray light streaming off the disk.

Astronomers look for these warping effects by analyzing X-ray light emitted by iron circulating in the accretion disk. In the new study, they used both XMM-Newton and NuSTAR to simultaneously observe the black hole in NGC 1365. While XMM-Newton revealed that light from the iron was being warped, NuSTAR proved that this distortion was coming from the gravity of the black hole and not gas clouds in the vicinity. NuSTAR's higher-energy X-ray data showed that the iron was so close to the black hole that its gravity must be causing the warping effects.

With the possibility of obscuring clouds ruled out, scientists can now use the distortions in the iron signature to measure the black hole's spin rate. The findings apply to several other black holes as well, removing the uncertainty in the previously measured spin rates.

~Kordell

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/news/nustar20130227.html

For more information on NASA's NuSTAR mission, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/nustar .

For more information on ESA's XMM-Newton mission, visit: http://go.nasa.gov/YUYpI6 .

The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.

I was baffled last year by the amount of people fell for the Kony Scam.

Right after watching it, I was just like: "Yeah, fuck this shit, biggest scam out"

But according to others it means I was stupid and an ass.

Huh? Who knew that it makes one stupid for not believing a scam?

If you are stupid enough to disregard it, I hope you get defrauded by this

scam!

How do I know it was a scam, read below:

32% of the money raised went to the kids ( Or so they say) the other 68% went to the greedy fraudulent fucks behind the scam ban wagon.

They claim Kony couldn't be found by police, but yet the retard behind this scam could get a full HD interview with him?

Kony and the LRA were stopped by the UN Nations in 2006 and it had been  on going  20 years before that. How come no one knew about him before that video? It goes to prove idiots believe what ever they see on Youtube with out research or any questioning. Just because he used he recording equipment and had good editing skills.

Jason Russell walks down the street naked jacking off, obviously enjoying his money and fame for being a scammer.

Why does he disable comments on the video? Obviously because he doesn't want people showing the truth.

Research it, you'll understand what I am saying.

Watch these 4 videos;

Watch this, she is Ugandan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnI9n_le5f4

Why was her original video that had three million views taken down ^ Because she wasn't stupid and spoke the truth

Part 1 Kony is a scam: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGOnGWYQdyY

Part 2 : Kony is a scam: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmOa_Lb6PN4

Watch the actual video, look at their Facial expressions when they speak, clearly it's scripted and a lie.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc

~ Kordell

Stephen Hawking is an extremely impressive man and a hero to me. Although I may not be disabled, it goes to show people with disabilities can be extremely smart to.

He has given so much hope and inspiration to people with similar or lesser disabilities. The fact that he has dedicated nearly 40-50 years of his life to Cosmology and Physics is astonishing.

He has added much to how Black holes are formed and the proof of their existence and expanded our knowledge on the laws of nature governing the universe and the Big Bang. He has shown so much to disprove any god, as this quote states;

"There was no time before the Big Bang, if there was no time then that means there was no time for a creator to exist, meaning that a God/ Omnipotent being couldn't have existed nor have created the universe" - Stephen Hawking

He has researching a lot about " M Theory", he is starting to make some ground breaking discoveries in this theory.

My Favourite quote from him: " Religion is nothing more than a fairy tale for people who are afraid of the dark" - Stephen Hawking

He has worked with a lot of other amazing scientists like Carl Sagan and Brian Cox and more!

Most people with the same disease as him die after 2-3 three years, he has gone 50 years with it. Just goes to show Mind over Matter.

~ Kordell

Read his story of what it's been like for him to live with Motor Neuron Disease or ALS:

http://www.hawking.org.uk/living-with-als.html

And just an interesting interview: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19666394

Hello, this is Kordell from the Administration team at Knowledge and Atheism.

So as you are aware, we use a free website, but once we hit 100 members as a gift you fans, I will buy a full domain name.

The reason I am not doing it now is that I don't want to pay about $70 and only have 5-20 fans, that would be pointless and a waste of money.

So this costs you fans nothing, obviously everything is free on this site. Once I get a domain name and my own full website you fans will be able to upload videos and anything else interesting, Currently I believe you can upload; Pictures, Forums and articles. If you have interesting stuff you want posted in news, no issue simply fill out our form in contact us, we usually respond within less than 24 hours.

If you have any further questions or requests, don't hesitate to ask for inform. We are happy to hear what you have to say.

~ Kordell

Did Mars Previously Harbor Life? Is Life Sustainable there in the Future?

There are many theories and ideas surrounding this topic. Personally, I believe Mars did hold life. When considering the immense amount of data and research we have done on Mars, it is a logical hypothesis (for example, in 2010 the Mars Spirit rover found soil so rich in silica that we can logically assume that liquid water did, at some point, flow on the Martian surface).

As we know, the surface of the Earth is constantly changing. We know this because of our analyses of geological structures on the planet. These changes can result from an earthquake, raising sea levels, or volcanoes forming new land. The ice age also caused significant changes on the Earth’s surface.

In addition to forming and changing the structure of the land, these processes also wiped off a lot of humans and other species.

So, how does this relate to making Mars sustainable for human colonization? Well, there is a simple answering to that: we need to Terra-form Mars and change the surface of the planet.

First, we thicken the Atmosphere using green house gasses and other forms of gas. Then finding a water source is the next stage. After that we need to figure a way to grow plants. If that is successful, we can start bringing animals to Mars and other small species to replicate Earth’s ecosystems.

Of course, this won’t be easy; we will need massive spacecrafts that can hold such resources, we also will need a space craft that is capable of entering and exiting Mars (which we don’t currently posses). But, in the near future, such technology may be created.

Other issues we will face are

• Low gravity

• Solar radiation and space weather

• Retaining the atmosphere and water

• Genetic manipulation for humans to withstand the difference in gravity.

We can block of a lot of the solar radiation using green house gasses and lots carbon fumes to thicken the atmosphere. However, the retention of this atmosphere and any water is uncertain at this stage. But we are currently studying Mars for traces of water and, if it is found, it may bring some hope. In fact, the Curiosity Rover has already found Carbon and Zinc, which are two of the main building blocks of life.

So what minerals, gases, and liquids will need to be brought to Mars for this process?

• Ammonia, as a powerful greenhouse gas

• Hydrocarbons, which are common in Titan’s atmosphere.

• Also the use of Fluorine compounds

At this point in time, we aren’t 100% certain our methods will work. Until we test this on a micro-scale, this is all just theory. But a lot of studies indicate that this should work.

Of course, the other option is to send a nuclear bomb to Mars. That sounds crazy, but it could is heat up the planet because of the gases emitted into the atmosphere from the bomb.

-Kordell

For more sources click the links below

Terraforming Mars:

http://mars.ideascale.com/a/dtd/Terraforming-Mars./142044-19222

How to terraform:

http://illumin.usc.edu/printer/59/terraforming-mars/

Mars background:

http://quest.nasa.gov/mars/background/terra.html

A new Earth:

http://io9.com/5868115/how-we-will-terraform-mars

Exploring Space:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2004/mar/28/spaceexploration.sciencenews

Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder

(ASKAP)

Some of you may be aware what this is, if not I’m going to explain it. As you can tell by the name, yes this is a radio telescope. But that’s not what’s important I am going to explain why Australia is going to be home to the next leap forward in Radio Telescope technology. These radio telescopes will help students at universities or just Astronomers and Astrophysicists provide answers that we have been waiting for with a deeper look into the cosmos than we have had before. This telescope will see the origins of the early universe possibly some of the luminous glows from after the big bang. It will also be able to observe the earliest forming nebulas and galaxies.

It will provide the highest resolution images in astronomy; it will require high powered computer servers, greater than the current global internet needs. The budget for this is €1.5 billion, this array is being built by CSIRO, and it will tune in with other global radio telescopes so we can get some of the deepest looks into the universe. It has been built out in the Mid West region of Western Australia. So as most Australian’s will know it as “The Middle of No where” These telescopes aren’t just limited to Western Australia that is just where 3 quarters of the telescopes will be placed.

The rest will be spread out through: Northern Territory, Queensland, NSW, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. It had to be built out far from any cities with: Radio, TV signals, Mobile Signals etc. They didn’t want these signals interfering with these telescopes and finding false data. For the first five years of this telescope array it will be used for large Survey Science Projects, each needing more than 1500 hours to complete. It uses a frequency of 1.5 GHz, 300 MHz instantaneous bandwidth with high-resolution and continuum modes. ASKAP will also use 36 Radio dishes that have a diameter of 12 meters.

So I believe this will be a major step ahead of current radio telescopes built.

~ Kordell

Sources for further reading:

Websites used to study this topic:

http://www.ska.gov.au/news/Pages/090901-CSIROsetssciencepathforASKAP.aspx

http://www.atnf.csiro.au/projects/mira/

http://www.csiro.au/en/Outcomes/Understanding-the-Universe/Operating-our-radio-telescopes/ASKAP.aspx

http://theconversation.edu.au/csiro-launches-the-askap-telescope-and-a-new-chapter-for-radio-astronomy-begins-9991

http://www.ska.gov.au/media/pubs/Documents/anzSKA_factsheet_ASKAP_TO_v2-1007.pdf

This large “flying V” is actually two distinct objects — a pair of interacting galaxies known as IC 2184. Both the galaxies are seen almost edge-on in the large, faint northern constellation of Camelopardalis (The Giraffe), and can be seen as bright streaks of light surrounded by the ghostly shapes of their tidal tails.

These tidal tails are thin, elongated streams of gas, dust and stars that extend away from a galaxy into space. They occur when galaxies gravitationally interact with one another, and material is sheared from the outer edges of each body and flung out into space in opposite directions, forming two tails. They almost always appear curved, so when they are seen to be relatively straight, as in this image, it is clear that we are viewing the galaxies side-on.

Also visible in this image are bursts of bright blue, pinpointing hot regions where the colliding gas clouds stir up vigorous star formation. The image consists of visible and infra-red observations from Hubble’s Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2.

~ Kordell Delo

I did not write this, twas a cut and paste from NASA

Source: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/ic2184.html